Floor Covering, Construction
The basic structure of traditionally manufactured carpets consists of the backing fabric and the pile, which is bound under and between the weft. Pile is formed on Axminster looms by inserting weft, with reciprocating needles, across the warp chain yarns. A central stuffer warp usually separates top from bottom weft. In Jacquard Wilton and Brussels carpet, the pile
Floor Covering, Construction
The basic structure of traditionally manufactured carpets consists of the backing fabric and the pile, which is bound under and between the weft. Pile is formed on Axminster looms by inserting weft, with reciprocating needles, across the warp chain yarns. A central stuffer warp usually separates top from bottom weft. In Jacquard Wilton and Brussels carpet, the pile
Biblical Literature, Meaning of the term gospel
From the late AD 40s and until his martyrdom in the 60s, Paul wrote letters to the churches that he founded or guided. These are the earliest Christian writings that the church has, and in them he refers to �the gospel� (euangelion). In Romans, chapter 1, verse 1, he says: �Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God . . .� and goes on to describe this �gospel
Argentina, The Northwest
Vegetation in the Northwest region includes that of the high puna desert, the forested slopes of the Andes, and the subtropical scrub forests of the Pampean Sierras, the latter merging with the deciduous scrub woodlands of the Gran Chaco. Vegetation on the mostly exposed soil of the puna consists of dwarf shrubs and tough grasses, notably bunchgrass; these and other
Dietz, Howard
After graduating from Columbia University in 1917, Dietz joined the Philip Goodman Advertising Agency, where he was assigned to devise a trademark for Goldwyn Pictures. Dietz used Columbia's lion mascot as an inspiration for the Goldwyn studio's �roaring lion� trademark, which thereafter
Torgau
City, Saxony Land (state), eastern Germany. It is a port on the Elbe River, northeast of Leipzig. First mentioned in 973 and chartered in 1255 - 67, it was, after 1456, a frequent residence of the electors of Saxony, who built the Hartenfels Castle (1533 - 44 and 1616 - 23; now a museum). In 1526 the Torgauer Bund, a league of evangelical princes against the Roman Catholic princes, was formed there. During that period Martin
Sholem Aleichem
Drawn to writing as a youth, he became a private tutor of Russian at the age of 17 and later served as a government rabbi in Lubin. His first writing had been in Russian and Hebrew, but between 1883, when his first story in Yiddish appeared, and his death, he published over 40 volumes of novels, stories, and plays
Alabama, Soils
There are four main soil zones found in Alabama. In the far north, the Tennessee valley contains the dark loams and red clays that add vivid dashes of colour to the landscape when exposed. Farther south lie the varied soils of a mineral belt, and these are succeeded by the rich limestone and marl soils of the Black Belt. Along the coast of Alabama there are sandy loams and
National Zoological Gardens Of South Africa
Also called �Pretoria Zoo, � zoo near Pretoria, S.Af., that is noted for its wildlife conservation programs. It was opened in 1899 by the State Museum of the South African Republic on a small stretch of land along the Apies River, which flows through Pretoria. In 1913 the zoo became the Transvaal Zoological Gardens, independent of the state museum; in 1916 it adopted its present name, and in 1933 the state took over management
Greasewood
The name greasewood
Quintana Roo
State, Yucat�n Peninsula, southeastern Mexico. Situated on the eastern side of the peninsula, it is bounded by the Caribbean Sea (east), by Belize (south), and by Campeche and Yucat�n (west); its northern shore is on the Yucat�n Channel between the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean. Quintana Roo, with an area of 19,397 square miles (50,212 square km), is a hot, humid, and heavily forested limestone
Strang, Gunnar Georg Emanuel
Strang was a self-educated agricultural labourer and trade-union organizer who rose to become president of the Swedish Agricultural Workers' Union
Latissimus Dorsi
The action of the latissimus dorsi draws the upper arm downward and backward
Ikare
Town, Ondo state, southwestern Nigeria. It lies in the Yoruba Hills, at the intersection of roads from Owo, Okene, Kabba, and Ado-Ekiti. An agricultural trade centre (yams, cassava, corn [maize], okra, pumpkins, rice) for the local Yoruba people, it is also a collecting point for cocoa, palm produce, tobacco, and cotton (which is sent to the textile mill at Ado-Ekiti, 37 miles [60 km] west). The
Prophets, The Lives Of The
Pseudepigraphal collection (not in any scriptural canon) of folk stories and legends about the major and minor biblical prophets and a number of other prophetic figures from the Old Testament books of I Kings, II Chronicles, and Nehemiah. The work demonstrates the popularity of religious and philosophical biography in the Mediterranean and Near Eastern areas
Prophets, The Lives Of The
Pseudepigraphal collection (not in any scriptural canon) of folk stories and legends about the major and minor biblical prophets and a number of other prophetic figures from the Old Testament books of I Kings, II Chronicles, and Nehemiah. The work demonstrates the popularity of religious and philosophical biography in the Mediterranean and Near Eastern areas
Mitra, Ramon
Philippine politician (b. 1928, Palawan, Phil. - d. March 20, 2000, Manila, Phil.), was a prominent politician, a pro-democracy activist, and an outspoken critic of the 1966 - 86 regime of Philippine Pres. Ferdinand Marcos. After working as a journalist and diplomat, Mitra served in the House of Representatives in the 1960s and was elected to the Senate in 1971. After Marcos imposed martial law in the Philippines
Amphibole
W.A. Deer, R.A. Howie, and J. Zussman, Rock-forming Minerals, 5 vol. (1962 - 63), with a 2nd ed. in progress (1978 - ); Manual of Mineralogy (after James D. Dana), 20th ed. by Cornelis Klein and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, Jr. (1985); J.J. Papike and M. Cameron, �Crystal Chemistry of Silicate Minerals of Geophysical Interest,� Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics, 14(1):37 - 80 (1976); B.E. Leake (comp.), �Nomenclature of Amphiboles,� American Mineralogist, 63(11 - 12):1023 - 52 (1978); David R. Veblen (ed.), Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles: Mineralogy (1981); David R. Veblen and Paul H. Ribbe (eds.), Amphiboles: Petrology and Experimental Phase Relations (1982).
Arnim, Hans Georg Von
Soldier and statesman prominent in German affairs during the Thirty Years' War. He served (1613 - 17) with the Swedes under Gustaf II Adolf, with the Poles (1621), with Wallenstein's imperial army (1626) as a field marshal, and with the Saxons (1631 - 35, 1638 - 41). A strict Lutheran, Arnim resigned his imperial commission in protest against the Edict
B�rger, Gottfried August
B�rger was educated in theology at the University of Halle and in law at the University of G�ttingen. It was in G�ttingen that he first
Coleopteran
Any member of the insect order Coleoptera, which includes the beetles and weevils. It is the largest order of insects, representing about 40 percent of the known insect species. Among the approximately 250,000 species of Coleoptera are many of the largest and most conspicuous insects, some of which also have brilliant metallic colours, showy patterns, or striking form. Beetles
Branch Davidian
An offshoot group of the Davidian Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) Church that made headlines on February 28, 1993, when its Mt. Carmel headquarters near Waco, Texas, was raided by the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms (ATF); four federal agents were killed in the assault. A lengthy standoff between the group and government agents then followed. It ended on April 19, after some 80 members
North Ossetia
North Ossetia is mountainous, with the Glavny (Main) Range reaching 15,682 feet (4,780 m) at Mount Dzhimara and other peaks in the republic reaching more than 14,000 feet (4,250 m). Parallel to the Glavny crest range is a series
Osa Peninsula
Spanish �Pen�nsula de Osa� peninsula, southern Costa Rica, bounded on the northwest by Coronado Bay, on the west by the Pacific Ocean, and on the east by the Gulf of Dulce. Costa Rica's second largest peninsula, Osa measures about 20 miles (30 km) northeast-southwest and about 35 miles (55 km) northwest-southeast. The generally low-lying terrain, rising to an elevation of 2,566 feet (782 m) at Tigre Hill, is used for livestock
Chiastolite
A variety of the mineral andalusite (q.v.).
Calamine Brass
Alloy of copper with zinc, produced by heating fragments of copper with charcoal and a zinc ore, calamine or smithsonite, in a closed crucible to red heat (about 1,300� C, or 2,400� F). The ore is reduced to a zinc vapour that diffuses into the copper. Apparently invented in Asia Minor, this method of brass manufacture was common from the 1st millennium BC. In Roman times a brass industry was
Goniophora
Extinct genus of clams found in Silurian to Devonian rocks (the Silurian Period began 438 million years ago and lasted about 30 million years; it was followed by the Devonian, which lasted some 48 million years). Goniophora is characterized by a distinctive shell that is sharply angular. A prominent ridge extends the length of the shell; from it the shell flanks taper away. Fine
Chacma
Species of baboon (q.v.).
Roman Catholicism, The nature of the church
In 1965 M.-J. le Guillou, a Roman Catholic theologian, defined the church in these terms: �The Church is recognized as a society of fellowship with God, the sacrament of salvation, the people of God established as the body of Christ and the temple of the Holy Spirit.� The progress of Roman Catholic theology can be seen in the contrast between this statement and the definition still
China, Wen-ti's institutional reforms
Wen-ti's achievement consisted of much more than strengthening and reunifying the empire. He provided it with uniform institutions and established a pattern of government that survived into the T'ang dynasty and beyond. A hardworking administrator, he employed a number of extremely able ministers who combined skill in practical statecraft with a flexible approach
